Linguistic borrowings in Spanish : complete course

What Are Loanwords in Spanish?

A loanword (or préstamo lingüístico in Spanish) is a word that one language borrows from another. Spanish has borrowed thousands of words from many different languages throughout its history. These borrowed words often keep their original meaning, but sometimes they change slightly in pronunciation or spelling.

Think of it like this: when you eat a taco or use Wi-Fi, you are already using loanwords — and Spanish does the same thing with words from other languages!

Simple Examples to Get Started

• el fútbol — from English ‘football’
• el champú — from English ‘shampoo’
• la guitarra — from Arabic ‘qitara’
• el chocolate — from Nahuatl ‘xocolatl’
• el yogur — from Turkish ‘yoğurt’

As you can see, Spanish borrows from many different languages, not just English. This makes Spanish vocabulary rich and full of surprises!

The Key Elements of Loanwords in Spanish

Understanding loanwords in Spanish is easier when you look at the main types. Each type comes from a different source language and tells a story about Spanish history and culture.

1. Anglicisms — Words from English

Anglicisms are very common in modern Spanish. They often relate to technology, sports, and pop culture. Spanish usually adapts the spelling to match Spanish pronunciation rules.

• el email → sometimes written as el imeil in informal use
• el estrés — from ‘stress’
• el marketing — used directly without change
• el mitin — from ‘meeting’ (political sense)

2. Arabisms — Words from Arabic

During the period known as Al-Ándalus (711–1492), Arabic had a huge influence on Spanish. Many everyday Spanish words come from Arabic. You can often recognise them because they start with al-.

• el algodón — cotton (from Arabic ‘al-qutn’)
• el almohada — pillow (from Arabic ‘al-mujadda’)
• el azúcar — sugar (from Arabic ‘al-sukkar’)
• la aceite — oil (from Arabic ‘al-zayt’)

3. Amerindianisms — Words from Indigenous American Languages

When Spanish explorers arrived in the Americas, they discovered new plants, animals, and foods. They borrowed words from languages like Nahuatl, Quechua, and Taino to name these new things.

• el tomate — tomato (from Nahuatl ‘tomatl’)
• el cacao — cocoa (from Nahuatl ‘cacahuatl’)
• la papa — potato (from Quechua ‘papa’)
• el huracán — hurricane (from Taino ‘jurakán’)

Why Loanwords in Spanish Matter for Your Learning

You might be wondering: why should I care about where words come from? Here is the good news — knowing about loanwords can make learning Spanish much easier and more fun!

• You already know many Spanish words. If you speak English or French, you recognise words like el hotel, el bar, or el garage.
• It helps you guess new words. When you see a new Spanish word, you can often guess its meaning from its origin.
• It makes vocabulary feel logical. Words are not random — they have a story.
• It boosts your confidence. Starting with familiar words makes the language feel less foreign.

Comparison with Other Languages

Spanish is not alone in borrowing words. French and English do it too. Here is a quick comparison to show you how the same concept works across languages:

Notice how all three languages often borrow the same words! This is because globalisation spreads vocabulary across many languages at the same time.

A Complete Example: The Word ‘El Fútbol’

Let us look at one loanword in detail to understand the full process.

• Original word: ‘football’ in British English
• Borrowed into Spanish as: el fútbol
• Spelling change: Spanish adds an accent on the ‘u’ to keep the correct stress
• Pronunciation change: The ‘oo’ sound becomes a short Spanish ‘u’
• Used in a sentence: Me encanta jugar al fútbol los domingos. — ‘I love playing football on Sundays.’

This example shows how Spanish adapts foreign words to fit its own sound system and grammar. The word becomes fully Spanish, but its foreign origin is still visible.

Key Takeaways

• Loanwords are words borrowed from other languages.
• Spanish has borrowed from Arabic, English, indigenous American languages, and many more.
• These words often change spelling or pronunciation to fit Spanish rules.
• Knowing loanwords helps you learn vocabulary faster and with more confidence.
• French and English also borrow words, so many loanwords are shared across languages.

Next time you see a Spanish word that looks familiar, ask yourself: where does it come from? You might be surprised by the answer — and you will remember the word much more easily!

Sources

• Real Academia Española (RAE) — Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd edition. Available at: dle.rae.es
• Penny, Ralph (2002). A History of the Spanish Language. Cambridge University Press.
• Lapesa, Rafael (1981). Historia de la lengua española. Editorial Gredos, Madrid.