Articles in English : complete course

What Are Articles in English?

An article is a small word that comes before a noun. It tells us something important about that noun. In English, there are only three articles: a, an, and the. They are some of the most used words in the English language!

Simple Examples to Get Started

• I have a dog.
• She ate an apple.
• Please close the door.

Even if you are just starting to learn English, you will see these small words everywhere. Let’s understand how they work.

The Key Elements of Articles in English

There are two types of articles in English: indefinite articles and the definite article. Each one has a different purpose.

Indefinite Articles: ‘A’ and ‘An’

We use a or an when we talk about something general, or when we mention something for the first time. The noun is not specific.

• I saw a cat in the garden. (any cat, not a specific one)
• She is an engineer. (her job in general)
• Can I have a glass of water?

So when do you use a and when do you use an? The rule is simple:

• Use a before a word that starts with a consonant sound: a book, a car, a university
• Use an before a word that starts with a vowel sound: an apple, an hour, an umbrella

Note: ‘an hour’ uses an because the ‘h’ is silent. The word sounds like it starts with a vowel. This is about the sound, not the letter!

The Definite Article: ‘The’

We use the when we talk about something specific, something both the speaker and the listener know about.

• I saw a cat. The cat was black. (now we know which cat)
• Please turn off the lights. (the lights in this room)
• The sun is very bright today.

‘The’ can be used with singular and plural nouns. It does not change.

When Not to Use an Article

Sometimes in English, we use no article at all. This is called the zero article.

• We use no article with most proper nouns: I live in France. She speaks English.
• We use no article with general plural nouns: Dogs are friendly animals.
• We use no article with abstract nouns used in general: Love is important.

Why Articles Matter in English

You might think these small words are not important. But they change the meaning of a sentence! Compare:

• I need a doctor. (any doctor)
• I need the doctor. (a specific doctor, my doctor)

Using the wrong article can confuse people. Learning articles well will help you sound more natural and be better understood. It is one of the first steps to speaking and writing good English.

Comparison with Other Languages

Articles work differently in different languages. Here is a simple comparison:

In English, articles do not change depending on the gender of the noun. This makes English articles simpler than in French or Spanish!

A Complete Example

Read this short paragraph. Notice how articles are used:

Yesterday, I visited a museum. The museum was in the city centre. I saw an old painting. The painting showed a woman and a child. Art is always interesting to me.

• ‘a museum’ — first mention, not specific
• ‘the museum’ — now we know which museum
• ‘the city centre’ — a specific, known place
• ‘an old painting’ — first mention, starts with a vowel sound
• ‘the painting’ — now specific
• ‘a woman’, ‘a child’ — general, first mention
• ‘Art’ — no article, general abstract noun

Key Points to Remember

• There are three articles in English: a, an, and the.
• Use a or an for something general or mentioned for the first time.
• Use a before consonant sounds, and an before vowel sounds.
• Use the for something specific that both people know about.
• Sometimes no article is needed at all (zero article).
• English articles do not change for gender or number — great news for learners!

Articles are small but very powerful. Take your time to practise them, and soon they will feel natural.

Sources

• Swan, M. (2005). Practical English Usage. Oxford University Press.
• Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G., and Svartvik, J. (1985). A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Longman.
• Council of Europe. (2001). Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). Cambridge University Press.