Adjective agreement in French : complete course

In French, adjectives don’t stay the same for every noun. They change depending on the gender and number of the noun they describe. This is called adjective agreement (l’accord des adjectifs in French). Learning this rule is one of the first big steps in understanding how French grammar works.

Simple Examples to Get Started

• Un chat noir — a black cat (masculine singular)
• Une voiture noire — a black car (feminine singular)
• Des chats noirs — black cats (masculine plural)
• Des voitures noires — black cars (feminine plural)

You can see that the adjective noir changes its ending each time. That’s adjective agreement in action!

The Key Elements of Adjective Agreement in French

To use adjectives correctly in French, you need to understand two main concepts: gender and number. Let’s look at each one.

1. Gender: Masculine and Feminine

Every French noun is either masculine or feminine. The adjective must match that gender. Usually, you add an -e to the adjective to make it feminine.

Masculine	Feminine	Meaning
grand	grande	tall / big
petit	petite	small / little
intelligent	intelligente	intelligent
joli	jolie	pretty

• Il est grand. — He is tall.
• Elle est grande. — She is tall.

2. Number: Singular and Plural

Adjectives also change when the noun is plural. In most cases, you simply add an -s to the adjective.

Singular	Plural	Meaning
un garçon grand	des garçons grands	tall boy / tall boys
une fille petite	des filles petites	small girl / small girls

• Un livre intéressant. — An interesting book.
• Des livres intéressants. — Interesting books.

3. Special Cases: Irregular Adjectives

Some adjectives don’t follow the regular pattern. They have irregular feminine forms. Here are a few common ones:

Masculine	Feminine	Meaning
beau	belle	beautiful / handsome
nouveau	nouvelle	new
vieux	vieille	old
long	longue	long

• Un beau jardin. — A beautiful garden.
• Une belle maison. — A beautiful house.

Why Adjective Agreement Matters

You might wonder: does it really matter if I forget to add an -e or an -s? In spoken French, the difference is sometimes small. But in written French, it is very important. Getting the agreement wrong can confuse your reader or make your writing look unnatural.

More importantly, adjective agreement is a fundamental part of French grammar. Once you understand it, you will find it easier to read, write, and even speak more fluently. It’s a building block you’ll use every single day.

Comparison with Other Languages

If you speak English, this concept might feel new and a little strange. Here’s a quick comparison to help you understand the difference:

Language	Does the adjective change?	Example
English	No	a big house / big houses (same adjective)
Spanish	Yes (gender + number)	una casa bonita / unas casas bonitas
French	Yes (gender + number)	une belle maison / de belles maisons

French and Spanish work in a very similar way. If you already speak Spanish, you’ll find adjective agreement in French quite natural. If you come from an English background, just remember: in French, adjectives are not fixed — they adapt to the noun!

Full Example

Let’s put everything together with a short paragraph in French:

Paul est un grand garçon. Il a une petite sœur intelligente. Ils ont deux chats noirs et une vieille voiture rouge.

Translation: Paul is a tall boy. He has a little intelligent sister. They have two black cats and an old red car.

• grand — masculine singular (garçon)
• petite — feminine singular (sœur)
• intelligente — feminine singular (sœur)
• noirs — masculine plural (chats)
• vieille — feminine singular irregular (voiture)
• rouge — feminine singular, no change needed (same for m/f)

Key Points to Remember

• French adjectives must agree with the noun in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural).
• To make an adjective feminine, usually add -e.
• To make an adjective plural, usually add -s.
• Some adjectives are irregular and must be memorised.
• Unlike English, French adjectives are never fixed — they always adapt to the noun.

Sources

• Riegel, M., Pellat, J.-C., & Rioul, R. (2009). Grammaire méthodique du français. Presses Universitaires de France.
• Grevisse, M., & Goosse, A. (2011). Le Bon Usage (15th ed.). De Boeck Supérieur.
• Council of Europe. (2020). Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR)