Syntactic ambiguities in Spanish : complete course

What Are Syntactic Ambiguities in Spanish?

Syntactic ambiguity occurs when a sentence can be interpreted in two or more different ways, depending on how its grammatical structure is understood. In Spanish, this phenomenon is especially rich and complex, making it a fascinating area of study for advanced learners. Understanding syntactic ambiguity helps you read literary texts more deeply and express yourself with greater precision.

Simple Examples to Get Started

Let us begin with a straightforward example. Consider this sentence:

• Vi a la chica con el telescopio.

This sentence can mean two very different things:

• I saw the girl using a telescope (I was holding the telescope).
• I saw the girl who had a telescope (she was holding it).

The words are exactly the same, but the meaning changes completely depending on how you read the structure. This is the essence of syntactic ambiguity in Spanish.

The Key Elements of Syntactic Ambiguities in Spanish

Syntactic ambiguities in Spanish arise from several structural sources. Let us explore the most common ones.

1. Prepositional Phrase Attachment

One of the most frequent sources of ambiguity is the attachment of prepositional phrases. A prepositional phrase can modify different parts of a sentence, creating multiple readings.

• El profesor habló con el estudiante nervioso.

This can mean:

• The nervous professor spoke with the student.
• The professor spoke with the nervous student.

The adjective nervioso could describe either the professor or the student. In spoken Spanish, intonation often resolves this. In written Spanish, especially in literary texts, the ambiguity may be intentional.

2. Relative Clause Attachment

Relative clauses in Spanish can also attach to different nouns, creating ambiguity. Look at this example:

• Los amigos de María que vivían en París la visitaron.

Two possible readings:

• The friends of María, who lived in Paris, visited her (the friends lived in Paris).
• The friends of María who lived in Paris visited her (only those friends who lived in Paris).

In literary Spanish, authors sometimes use this ambiguity deliberately to create layers of meaning.

3. Scope Ambiguity with Negation and Quantifiers

Spanish sentences with negation or quantifiers like todos, algunos, or no can produce scope ambiguities.

• No todos los estudiantes aprobaron el examen.

This could mean:

• Not all students passed the exam (some did not pass).
• None of the students passed the exam (a stronger reading, less standard but possible in certain dialects).

The standard reading is the first one, but in literary or rhetorical contexts, the ambiguity adds expressive power.

Why Syntactic Ambiguity Matters in Spanish

You might wonder: why should I care about ambiguity? Here are a few very good reasons.

• Reading literature: Spanish literary authors from Cervantes to García Márquez often use ambiguous structures intentionally. Recognising them helps you understand the text at a deeper level.
• Writing with style: Advanced writers use ambiguity as a stylistic tool to create suspense, irony, or poetic effect.
• Avoiding misunderstandings: In everyday communication, knowing where ambiguity can arise helps you write more clearly and precisely.
• Translation challenges: When translating Spanish literary texts, ambiguities are among the most difficult elements to handle faithfully.

Comparison with Other Languages

Syntactic ambiguity is not unique to Spanish, but the way it appears differs across languages. Here is a brief comparison:

One important feature of Spanish is that it is a pro-drop language. This means the subject pronoun can be omitted, which sometimes creates additional ambiguity. For example:

• Dijo que vendría. — He said he would come / She said she would come / You said you would come.

Without context, it is impossible to know who is speaking or who would come. French and English require explicit pronouns, which reduces this type of ambiguity.

A Complete Example

Let us analyse a more literary sentence taken from a style typical of Spanish prose:

• La madre miró a su hija con los ojos llenos de lágrimas.

Two interpretations are possible:

• The mother, with eyes full of tears, looked at her daughter (the mother was crying).
• The mother looked at her daughter, whose eyes were full of tears (the daughter was crying).

In a novel, a skilled author might choose this sentence precisely because it works on both levels simultaneously. The reader feels the emotion without needing to decide who is crying. This is syntactic ambiguity used as a literary device.

Key Takeaways

• Syntactic ambiguity in Spanish occurs when a sentence allows two or more valid grammatical interpretations.
• The main sources are: prepositional phrase attachment, relative clause attachment, and scope of negation or quantifiers.
• Spanish has unique features like pro-drop that increase the frequency of ambiguity.
• In literary contexts, ambiguity is often intentional and adds depth and style.
• Recognising ambiguity is an essential skill for reading, writing, and translating advanced Spanish.

Sources

• Real Academia Española. (2009). Nueva gramática de la lengua española. Espasa.
• Bosque, I., & Demonte, V. (1999). Gramática descriptiva de la lengua española. Espasa Calpe.
• Cuetos, F., & Mitchell, D. C. (1988). ‘Cross-linguistic differences in parsing: Restrictions on the use of the Late Closure strategy in Spanish.’ Cognition, 30(1), 73–105.