Articles in French : complete course

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Articles in French [A1] — VocaVerb

In French, an article is a small word placed before a noun. It tells us whether we are talking about something specific, something general, or an unspecified quantity. Articles are one of the first things you will learn in French, and they are used in almost every sentence.

Simple examples to get started

  • Le chat — the cat (a specific cat)
  • Une maison — a house (any house)
  • Du pain — some bread (an unspecified amount)

As you can see, every noun in French needs an article. This is different from English, where we sometimes use nouns without any article at all.

The main types of French articles

French has three main families of articles. Each one has a different role and changes depending on the gender and number of the noun it accompanies.

1. Definite articles (les articles définis)

Use these when you are talking about something specific or known. They are the equivalent of ‘the’ in English.

Gender / Number Article Example Translation
Masculine singular le le livre the book
Feminine singular la la table the table
Before a vowel sound l’ l’école the school
Plural (all genders) les les enfants the children
  • Le soleil brille. — The sun is shining.
  • La porte est ouverte. — The door is open.
  • L’ami arrive. — The friend is arriving.

2. Indefinite articles (les articles indéfinis)

Use these when you mention something for the first time, or when you are talking about one unspecified thing. They are equivalent to ‘a’ or ‘an’ in English, or ‘some’ in the plural.

Gender / Number Article Example Translation
Masculine singular un un café a coffee
Feminine singular une une pomme an apple
Plural (all genders) des des amis some friends
  • Je mange une orange. — I am eating an orange.
  • Il a un chien. — He has a dog.
  • Nous avons des idées. — We have some ideas.

3. Partitive articles (les articles partitifs)

Use these when you talk about a part of something, or an undefined quantity. This is very common with food and abstract concepts. English often uses ‘some’ or no article at all in these cases.

Context Article Example Translation
Masculine singular du (= de + le) du lait some milk
Feminine singular de la de la musique some music
Before a vowel sound de l’ de l’eau some water
  • Tu veux du sucre ? — Do you want some sugar?
  • Elle écoute de la musique. — She is listening to music.
  • Il boit de l’eau. — He is drinking water.

Why French articles matter

You might wonder: why is this so important? Here is the simple answer — in French, you almost never use a noun alone. Every noun needs an article (or another determiner). Skipping the article sounds very unnatural to a native speaker. Learning to choose the right article will make your French sound much more fluent and correct from the very beginning.

Articles also carry important information about gender. Since every French noun is either masculine or feminine, the article helps your listener understand which one it is. This is key to speaking and writing French correctly.

Comparison with other languages

If you already speak English or Spanish, here is how French articles compare:

Concept English Spanish French
Definite article the el / la / los / las le / la / l’ / les
Indefinite article a / an / some un / una / unos / unas un / une / des
Partitive article some / (nothing) (rarely used) du / de la / de l’
Gender system No gender Masculine / Feminine Masculine / Feminine

Spanish speakers will find the French article system quite familiar, since both languages use gendered articles. English speakers need to pay special attention to gender — it takes practice, but you will get used to it!

A complete example

Let us look at a short paragraph using all three types of articles:

Le matin, Marie mange une tartine et boit du café. Elle ouvre la fenêtre et regarde les oiseaux dans l’arbre. Elle a une belle journée devant elle.

Translation: In the morning, Marie eats a slice of toast and drinks some coffee. She opens the window and looks at the birds in the tree. She has a beautiful day ahead of her.

  • le matin → definite, masculine singular
  • une tartine → indefinite, feminine singular
  • du café → partitive, masculine singular
  • la fenêtre → definite, feminine singular
  • les oiseaux → definite, plural
  • l’arbre → definite, before a vowel
  • une belle journée → indefinite, feminine singular

Key points to remember

  • French has three types of articles: definite, indefinite, and partitive.
  • Every noun in French needs an article in most situations.
  • Articles change depending on the gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) of the noun.
  • Use le / la / l’ / les for specific things you can point to.
  • Use un / une / des for non-specific things or when mentioning something for the first time.
  • Use du / de la / de l’ for uncountable quantities or general concepts.
  • Before a word starting with a vowel or silent ‘h’, le and la become l’.

Sources

  • Bescherelle — La Grammaire pour tous, Hatier, 2012.
  • Larousse — Grammaire du français, Éditions Larousse, 2008.
  • Conseil de l’Europe — Cadre européen commun de référence pour les langues (CECRL), 2001. Available at: www.coe.int

To practise what you learned in this lesson:

Practice exercises · Crossword puzzle

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